Welcome to the IHoP

[Aaron Clinton 2,372]

Are all XCONs the same? I know the spiders were changed but are all XCON motors and everything else the same?

I beleive they have been the same since day one for the line.

The spiders were recently upgraded. The original Xcon had a pole vent, the new model has a solid pole with axial cooling channels, both versions use a shorting ring.

Sorry I was wrong, I thought they were the same.

No need to apologize.

[ricksi30 923]

She it! That's what I get for not reading first.

[nem 2,019]

I am wanting to install a camera surveillance system and am currently looking at this one.

http://www.parts-express.com/pe/pshowdetl.cfm?&Partnumber=334-211&scqty=1

The reason for this is our neighbors who moved in out back enjoy stealing things and I want to better protect my things when I am not home. Currently I have a wireless cam that they know watches over my back yard and maybe an AR 15 ready.

I am looking for nice picture quality and was wondering if anybody has any experience with Talos systems or something else.

[Godsmack 360]

Anyone got any good 'cooking for one' recipes?

J

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

The highway transportation system uses traffic control devices to visually communicate messages to drivers using signs, signals, and road markings. Traffic controls are necessary to ensure orderly, predictable movement of traffic.

Transportation professionals create traffic rules and regulations with careful consideration of driver capabilities, roadway structure and vehicle crash history. Signs, signals and markings warn you of changing road conditions, tell you what to do, and help guide your way.

Not obeying traffic signs and signals is a leading reason for fatalities on our roadways.

This module is about the purpose and meaning of road signs, signals, and markings. Topics include:

• Signs
  
• Signals
  
• Markings
  
• New or Unfamiliar Traffic Controls
  
• Responding Appropriately to Traffic Controls
  

There is a national standard for road signs which uses symbols designed for quick and easy understanding. The standards are published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). The standards mandate the use of uniform colors and shapes so all drivers can quickly interpret their meaning.

The three categories of signs are regulatory, warning, and guide signs.

Regulatory signs communicate laws. Stop signs and yield signs are regulatory signs which warrant such emphasis; they were assigned unique, distinctive shapes.

Stop signs are red and octagonal with white letters and a white border. Most stop signs are supplemented with a broad white stop bar painted on the road, indicating the best position to stop your vehicle. When stopped, yield the right-of-way to pedestrians or other vehicles that are approaching or already in the intersection.

Yield signs are red and white or yellow inverted triangles, located where roads cross or merge. Allow others in your intended path of travel to use the intersection before you enter. To yield the right-of-way means you give the privilege of the roadway to another road user.

Other important regulatory signs include the railroad crossbuck, do not enter, wrong way, speed limit, turning restriction, lane use, and signs restricting parking.

Warning signs "warn" drivers of road and traffic conditions and communicate hazards that lie ahead. Most warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped. Diamond-shaped warning signs communicate danger. Be prepared to adjust your speed and position when you see a warning sign.

Warning signs do not tell you what to do; they warn you of approaching or potential danger. Warning signs with a speed posted on them indicate a reduction of speed may be necessary. These speeds are determined to be the safest speed to travel in good conditions; do not assume you can safely travel faster than the sign indicates.

Traffic engineers are improving the visibility of advance warning signs with the use of fluorescent reflective shielding. You may begin to notice this particularly in school zones and construction zones.

Guide signs provide information about routes, exits, location, distances, points of interest, and services. Exit signs are green.

Route markers are posted on local, U.S., and interstate routes. Interstate route signs are red, white, and blue shields. Route signs vary according to the type of roadway. State and county signs vary from state to state. Route signs have the road number posted on them.

Other guide signs include destination and mileage signs, roadside service signs, and signs that direct you to recreational areas.

New signs to help guide you into the proper lane well in advance of an intersection are currently being implemented on all types of roads. These signs are called advance channelization signs. Their purpose is to provide an unfamiliar driver with information that allows lane changes to occur before the busy intersection. Advance street name signs are being installed to inform you of what street you are approaching well ahead of when you have to struggle to read the actual street name sign posted at the intersection.

You may also begin to notice overhead street name signs that are internally illuminated. These improvements are being implemented across the country by the Department of Transportation.

Traffic engineers use signals in combination with signs and markings to help control busy streets, roadways, and highways. Signals are bright enough to be easily seen both day and night. They are positioned to be seen above and to the side of traffic flow. New signals may be seen mounted on mast arms across the intersection to improve visibility by keeping the signals in the driver's forward field-of-vision.

It is important to recognize signals well ahead of an intersection to have plenty of time to plan your maneuver. To improve the visibility of signals in advance of the intersection, traffic engineers are beginning to install larger signals. The old standard was the use of 8" lenses. Now 12" lenses with light emitting diodes (LEDs) are replacing the old signals in many communities. These lenses provide brighter light which is easier to see from a distance. In addition, on roads running in east and west directions, backplates are being added to signals to improve their visibility at dawn and dusk.

Always obey traffic signals – it is the law.

At a red light, stop your vehicle before entering the intersection. Stop with your front bumper positioned just before the stop bar. Remain stopped until the light turns green, check for any traffic and when it is safe, proceed with caution through the intersection.

Right-turn-on-red is allowed in all states. If there is no sign that prohibits a right-turn-on-red, come to a full stop. Yield to other vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. When there is no traffic in the intersection, and a safe distance with no cross-traffic, complete your turn.

Yellow or amber means the signal is about to turn red. Prepare to stop at an intersection when you see the yellow light. If you are too close to stop safely, go through the intersection with caution. To avoid a violation, you must completely clear the intersection before the light turns red. It is illegal to enter an intersection after the signal turns red.

Green lights mean cross traffic should be stopped, but it doesn't necessarily mean it is safe to go. Enter the intersection after scanning to be sure it is clear of traffic. The most dangerous time to enter an intersection is immediately after the light has turned green; this is when other drivers accelerate to "beat the yellow light."

Flashing red and yellow lights control some intersections in rural areas, or during times when there is a low traffic flow.

A flashing red light means you must come to a complete stop and yield the right-of-way to cross traffic. Enter the intersection only when it is clear.

A flashing yellow light means slow down, and be prepared to stop. Proceed with caution; scan for traffic in your path before crossing the intersection.

Lighted arrows control the direction traffic flows; they point in the direction you should drive.

A green arrow means turn or drive forward in the direction that it is pointing. When a green left arrow displays, opposing traffic should be stopped; however, there is never a guarantee that opposing traffic will yield the right-of-way. Proceed cautiously through any intersection.

Yellow arrows give you warning that a red arrow is about to appear; stopped traffic in that direction is about to move. Prepare to stop when you see a yellow arrow.

A red arrow means do not travel in that direction.

Large cities utilize lane control signals when large numbers of vehicles have to travel over bridges or through tunnels. Drive in the lane with the green arrow located above it. Do not travel in the direction of a yellow arrow - it is telling you that your path will soon have oncoming traffic. Never travel in a lane with a red arrow located above it, especially through a tunnel!

X signals are also used in controlled lanes. A solid yellow X means move over to a lane with a green arrow. The yellow X is telling you the lane is about to switch directions and oncoming traffic will soon head your way.

A flashing yellow X allows you to use the lane to make left turns, but only for a very short period of time. Use extreme caution when making a left turn on a yellow X. You only have a short distance to make this maneuver before the oncoming traffic will block your path.

A red X over a lane means DO NOT drive in this lane.

Pedestrian signals are used to control pedestrians at intersections with heavy traffic. Pedestrian signals are mounted near traffic lights. These signals inform pedestrians when to walk and they also help drivers know what to do. The WALK signal and the green light are normally on at the same time for drivers and pedestrians going the same direction.

New pedestrian countdown signals are being installed to help pedestrians judge the actual amount of time in seconds they have before traffic signals change.

Pedestrians must clear the intersection when the DON'T WALK signal flashes or remains lit. Search to be sure the intersection is clear of pedestrians before entering. ALWAYS give pedestrians the right-of-way.

Markings communicate the law and are painted on the road for your safety and to regulate the flow of traffic. Markings provide drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists with important information, warnings, and direction regarding the use of the road.

Markings signify roadways, lanes, and are often used to reinforce the messages provided by signs and signals. Lines, words and arrows are used to help control traffic moving on the road.

Lines are the most common marking and are primarily used to signify traffic lanes. Lines inform drivers where to position their vehicles and communicate when it is not safe or legal to change lanes or pass. Lines also communicate where to stop, when the road narrows, and where pedestrians may safely cross the road.

Text on the road is used to reinforce signs and signals. Text is also used with a diamond symbol to represent reserved lanes.

Arrows are used to help drivers position their vehicle in the proper lane for turning left, right or going straight.

Most markings are yellow or white. Yellow lines separate traffic traveling in opposite directions. White lines separate traffic moving in the same direction.

If you have a SOLID yellow line on your side of the road, do not pass or cross over into the oncoming lane. If you have a broken yellow line, give the right-of-way to oncoming traffic.

Slanted stripes indicate where vehicles should not change lanes.

White lettering and symbols painted on the surface of the roadway are used to supplement signs and signals.

New pavement markings with messages help guide drivers into the proper lane and avoid confusion at major intersections. These messages include route signs, merge arrows and skip strips. Skip strips are short white markings that define your turn lane through intersections. Watch for pavement markings to help you navigate and reduce your risk as you travel through these busy environments.

Pedestrian crossings are being marked with bigger, bolder white stripes to help drivers recognize from a distance where pedestrians may be crossing.

New electronic highway message boards are another way of getting safety messages and potentially life-saving information to the public in a timely manner.

The messages may contain information such as: "Warning, Congestion Ahead", "Warning, Hazard Ahead, Detour...", "Child Abduction Reported...," etc.

The message boards are also used to send weather warnings and report road conditions to travelers.

When you see a message board with an amber dot flashing in each corner, this indicates the shoulder is closed. This board is typically found in construction zones and indicates if you have to exit the road.

New pedestrian and school zones signs exist on the roadway to warn drivers of an approaching crosswalk and the actual crosswalk itself. You will see lines representing a sidewalk added to the new fluorescent yellow-green diamond-shaped sign or the five-sided sign shaped like a house; its purpose is to warn drivers of a pedestrian or school crossing.

In high traffic areas, many cities and states have carpool lanes which are called diamond lanes or High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes. The HOV lanes are clearly marked with a large white diamond in the middle of the traffic lane. The rules and regulations for use of these lanes vary.

Eligible vehicles include passenger cars, pickup trucks or vans carrying two or more people, law enforcement vehicles, buses, and motorcycles. Prohibited vehicles include trucks with more than two axles or having a gross weight capacity of five tons or more and vehicles towing trailers.

Travel in these lanes only if you meet the criteria for the drivers in these designated lanes. Watch for exit signs far to the right, and then look for broken lines that allow you to exit. Never cross double or multiple yellow lines.

Some urban areas have traffic signals that control traffic as it enters the expressway. These signals are often used during rush hours to provide interval space for vehicles to enter. Follow the signs and wait for your green light. Be prepared to accelerate quickly or decelerate to enter the traffic flow.

Position your vehicle in the proper lane well ahead of the intersection or turn.

Follow this procedure when approaching a controlled intersection with multiple turn lanes:

• Search the intersection and the roadway for traffic controls, pedestrians, and other users.
  
• If you need to change lanes, check your blind spot in the direction you are about to maneuver.
  
• Signal your intentions.
  
• When you have identified a safe gap, change lanes.
  
• Identify multiple turn lanes and watch for road markings. Select the lane you want to travel in well in advance.
  
• Search ahead, to the rear, and to the sides. Check the signal and if possible estimate when it will change.
  
• Adjust your speed and position your vehicle to minimize conflicts.
  
• As you approach the intersection, continue to search for pedestrians and conflicts.
  
• Watch for oncoming vehicles that are turning in the same direction.
  

Sharing a lane with oncoming traffic to make a left turn can be dangerous. Safe guidelines for using a shared left-turn lane include:

• Do not move into the lane too soon. The longer you stay in the lane, the more likely you will meet someone coming in the opposite direction.
  
• Watch for vehicles pulling out of entrances and side streets. They may cut in front of you or turn into the shared lane and wait for a gap in traffic.
  
• Do not use a shared left turn lane as a through lane. If you do not want to turn, stay out of the lane. Never use the center lane for passing.
  

On a three- or five-lane roadway, a double broken yellow line on either side marks a lane in which traffic changes direction at different times of day. The double yellow, broken line indicates a reversible lane.

Reversible lanes are designed to move large volumes of traffic in the same direction. They are used during rush hours, at the conclusion of large sporting events and when large organizations such as military bases "let-off" for the day. When the traffic needs to go in the opposite direction, the lanes are reversed, or traffic is directed to go in the opposite direction.

Reversible lanes are marked with unique signs, signals, and markings. A red X means the lane is closed. NEVER drive in a lane with a red X displayed. A solid yellow X means move out of that lane to a lane displaying a green arrow.

A flashing yellow X means use this lane ONLY for a left turn. The lane is unprotected, so only enter this lane just prior to your turn. Check the lane to be sure traffic is clear before turning.

A green arrow, pointing at the road means the lane is traveling in your direction. Use this lane to travel.

Orange, diamond shaped, or rectangular signs alert drivers of construction zones. Be ready to slow, stop, or drive around equipment and workers.

Travel through construction zones carefully and follow the directions received from construction workers or law enforcement officers. Be cautious about your position in the lane; often construction zones have no shoulder or extra space in which you can maneuver.

Construction zones present a very high risk to all present. In 2009, 667 people lost their lives in construction zone crashes. Fatally injured persons included drivers (60%), passengers (24%), roadway workers (15%), bicyclists (1%), and others (1%).

Warning signs "warn" drivers of road and traffic conditions and communicate hazards that lie ahead. New pedestrian and school zone signs exist on the roadway to warn drivers of an approaching crosswalk. They are fluorescent yellow-green diamond-shaped.

Guide signs provide information about routes, exits, location, distances, points of interest, and services.

Regulatory signs communicate laws. The regulatory speed limit sign is the most common sign on our roadways.

Traffic engineers use signals in combination with signs and markings to help control busy streets, roadways, and highways.

Lines are the most common road marking and are primarily used to signify traffic lanes. Lines also communicate where to stop, when the road narrows, and where pedestrians may safely cross the road. A broad white stop bar painted across your lane at an intersection indicates the best place to stop your vehicle. Text is also used with a diamond symbol to represent reserved lanes.

Arrows are used to help the driver position his or her vehicle in the proper lane for turning left, right, or going straight.

If you have a SOLID yellow line on your side of the road, do not pass or cross over into the oncoming lane.

Electronic highway message boards communicate safety messages. When you see a message board with an amber dot flashing in each corner, this indicates the shoulder is closed.

Construction zones present a very high risk to all who are present. Each year motorists injure thousands of roadway workers in construction zones.

You share the road with vehicles, pedestrians, and animals and they need to be able to anticipate what you will do. Always communicate your intentions prior to maneuvers.

Drivers communicate by using:

• Turn signals
  
• Brake lights
  
• Headlights
  
• Emergency hazard lights
  
• The horn
  
• Vehicle position
  
• Eye contact
  
• Body movements and hand signals
  

The use of turn signals and your brakes are the methods of communicating to other road users that are used most often.

This module covers communication. The topics that will be addressed include:

• Turn Signals
  
• Lights
  
• Brakes
  
• Horn
  
• Vehicle Position and Body Movement
  

Turn on your signal well in advance of your maneuver to turn or change lanes. Signal at least 100 feet prior to turning, so other drivers in your vicinity can make adjustments to your change in speed and direction (Driver Handbook).

Do not turn it on too much in advance; other drivers might think you don't know it is on and not pay attention or may assume you want to turn into a driveway prior to an intersection or corner.

If you drive a newer vehicle, use your daytime running headlights (DRLs) to communicate your presence to other road users every time you drive. If you do not have them, always drive with your low-beam headlights on.

Communicate you are passing by using your signals to alert drivers behind you.

If you are far enough away, flash your high-beam headlights to oncoming drivers that have their high-beam headlights on.

Use your emergency hazard lights to communicate to others that you are in trouble, there is trouble ahead, or when you are moving very slowly.

Recognize how effectively your brakes operate. Have a good feel for the amount of pressure you need to “tap” on your brakes and the amount of pressure you need to apply to slowly decrease your speed and come to a smooth stop.

If you see brake lights in a traffic jam ahead, signal to drivers behind by slightly tapping on your brakes.

If a vehicle ahead of you activated a turn signal, there is a strong possibility it will be slowing prior to turning. Inform the drivers behind you that they will have to slow down by tapping your brakes.

Using your horn can be beneficial or very irritating to other drivers.

• Honk when you are approaching a blind curve to warn others that cannot see you coming.
  
• "Tap" on your horn to warn other drivers or pedestrians who cannot see you coming.
  
• Press hard or "lay" on the horn if you see a potential collision about to occur.
  
• Do not use your horn if you are behind a slow moving vehicle.
  
• Do not use your horn to greet other drivers or pedestrians.
  
• Do not use your horn directly behind a bicyclist or a horse rider on the side of the roadway.
  

Use the position of your vehicle to communicate your intentions to change lanes.

Position the vehicle in the right side of your lane before turning right. When you are intending to turn left, move your vehicle toward the centerline before making your left turn.

Use your body to communicate with hand signals. Wave your appreciation and thank other drivers when they give you the right-of-way. Never use obscene hand gestures when driving.

Never direct other traffic with hand gestures because you may be liable should a crash occur.

Hand signals can be used to supplement or provide extra emphasis on mechanical signals. Standard hand signals are the same for bicycle riders and vehicle drivers. Roll down your left window and use your arm to supplement your signals:

To signal your intention to turn right, extend your left arm out and bend it up at the elbow.

To signal your intention to turn left, extend your left arm straight out to the left, at shoulder height.

To signal your intentions to slow or stop, extend your left arm down to the left side of your vehicle.

Eye contact is an effective form of communication.

Avoid eye contact unless you are making a courteous gesture. Eye contact is a trigger for road rage when you are communicating a negative message.

Communication, if used consistently, can reduce the risk of collision.

Turn on your signal well in advance of your maneuver to turn or change lanes. Signal far enough ahead so other drivers in your vicinity can make adjustments to your change in speed and direction.

If you see brake lights in a traffic jam ahead, signal to drivers behind by slightly tapping on your brakes.

Use your low-beam or daytime running headlights to communicate your presence to other road users every time you drive. Flash your high-beam headlights to other drivers you are behind and about to pass. Flash your high-beam headlights to oncoming drivers that have their high-beam headlights on.

Use your emergency hazard lights to communicate when you are in trouble, there is trouble ahead, or when you are moving very slowly.

Be familiar with the location of your horn and the pressure required to operate it. Do not use your horn unless it is necessary to warn other road users of a hazardous situation. Using your horn can be beneficial or very irritating to other drivers.

Position the vehicle in the right side of your lane before turning right and move toward the centerline when you are about to turn left.

Use hand gestures as a courtesy. Never use obscene hand gestures when driving.

Avoid eye contact unless you are making a courteous gesture. Eye contact can be a trigger for road rage when you are communicating a negative message.

When you share the roadway with other drivers and pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcycles and animals, you need to know and obey basic laws. You also need to know when to yield the right-of-way and try to anticipate what actions they might take that could cause you problems.

Identify high-risk situations in time to avoid a collision. The more complex the driving situation, the more you have to search and identify potential conflicts.

When you perceive what you think might be a potential problem situation ask yourself:

• What are the rules-of-the-road that govern this situation?
  
• What might cause a collision?
  
• What will I do to avoid a conflict?
  
• What might other drivers do when they notice what is happening?
  

Train yourself to search for hazards. Predict the actions of other road users who are sharing your traffic path.

This module covers basic traffic laws and the many issues associated with sharing the road with other road users. The topics that will be addressed include:

• Basic Traffic Laws
  
• Other Drivers
  
• Pedestrians and Bicyclists
  
• Motorcyclists
  
• Animals
  

The Texas Move Over Law requires the drivers either slow down or change lanes when nearing a stopped emergency vehicle with lights activated. If you do not change lanes you must slow down to 20 miles per hour below the speed limit. This includes all police, emergency medical, tow trucks, and fire vehicles.

If you fail to follow this law, you can face a fine up to $200. If the violation results in property damage, the fine is increased to $500, and if the violation results in bodily injury, the violation becomes a Class B misdemeanor.

There are basic laws that always apply, with no exceptions. Driver improvement programs require inclusion of the rules-of-the-road as a reminder of our traffic laws:

• Buckle up. It is the driver's responsibility to buckle up and ensure all passengers are secured with fastened safety belts or in safety seats.
  
• Obey traffic controls. Follow the regulations and warnings communicated by signs, signals, markings, and other traffic controls. Stay in your lane, do not weave. Stop, yield, and go as directed.
  
• Pass on the left. Pass other vehicles on the left and only when there is time and space to safely conduct the maneuver. Passing on the right is only permitted in certain circumstances: the vehicle being overtaken is taking a left turn, the vehicle is passing on part of the paved highway, not the shoulder, and there is sufficient space for the passing to occur (§545.057). This can be dangerous because it is more difficult for the driver being passed to see you.
  
• Signal your intentions. Always communicate your intention to turn or change lanes by using your turn signal at least 100 feet prior to the maneuver.
  
• Travel at a safe speed. Drive at a speed not greater than or less than what is safe. Make reasonable decisions about traffic, the road surface, and weather conditions that might increase risk or compromise your safety while driving. Based on your speed, maintain enough space in front of your car to allow you to stop without hitting another vehicle or object. Obey the posted speed limit.
  
• Do not tailgate. When following another vehicle, drivers must maintain a reasonable, prudent, and safe distance, considering speed, visibility, road, weather, and traffic conditions.
  
• Do not stop quickly without a warning. When there is time and opportunity to signal, drivers must not stop or suddenly decrease speed without first giving a signal to the driver of any vehicle immediately to the rear by tapping the brakes.
  

Never assume you have the right-of-way; another driver must give it to you. Drivers make mistakes and demonstrate a lack of courtesy even when they know the rules. Do your best to communicate your intentions when there is confusion about the right-of-way.

Follow the rules of the following scenarios:

• Emergency vehicle is approaching. You must yield to any emergency vehicle that is using its siren and flashing lights. It is also illegal to follow any fire department vehicle that is responding to an alarm at a distance closer than 500 feet, or to drive into or park your vehicle within a block of where the fire department vehicle has stopped in answer to a fire alarm.
  
• Turning left and U-turns. Signal your intention when turning left at an intersection or when making a U-turn. Yield to all oncoming traffic until there is a gap providing you with sufficient time and space to safely turn.
  
• Exiting a driveway or parking space. Yield to all vehicles already traveling in the roadway.
  
• Pedestrians present. Drivers must yield to pedestrians in marked or unmarked crossings. Drivers must also exercise "due care" to try and avoid hitting a pedestrian even if they are not in a pedestrian crossing.
  
• Blind persons present. Drivers must always yield the right-of-way to persons who are blind. When a pedestrian is crossing a street or highway guided by a dog or carrying a white cane (or a white cane with a red tip), vehicles must come to a complete stop.
  
• Blocked lane. If your lane is blocked, you must yield the right-of-way to other vehicles around you before you prepare a lane change to go around the vehicle blocking your lane.
  
• Your lane is ending. If your lane is ending, you must yield the right-of-way to vehicles already traveling in adjacent lanes.
  
• Funeral processions. A vehicle with lighted headlights in a funeral procession has the right-of-way at an intersection and may proceed through the intersection if the procession is headed by a lead or funeral escort vehicle displaying flashing red and blue lights, unless the right-of-way is required by an emergency vehicle giving an audible signal.
  Unless authorized by a traffic officer, you may not drive your vehicle between the cars included in the funeral procession. Turning on your headlights in an attempt to appear as part of the procession or otherwise impersonating a funeral procession member is illegal.
  You may pass a funeral procession on the procession's left side on a multiple lane highway if the passing can be done safely.
  

About 81% of the vehicles involved in fatal crashes in 2009 were passenger cars or light trucks - including pickups, vans, and sport utility vehicles. Light trucks are the most popular vehicles on American roads today.

The open and rugged tread design of the tires limits the vehicle's ability to stop and turn. On average, pickups and SUVs need between 10-20% more distance to stop than passenger cars traveling at highway speeds.

Although light trucks are similar to passenger cars, they are usually taller, heavier, and have different tires and suspension systems than cars. A taller vehicle allows the driver to see over surrounding traffic and search farther down the road ahead for potential dangers. The extra height may cause problems when entering certain garages and enclosed parking spaces.

Pickup truck, small van, and SUV drivers pose other problems to car operators. These taller vehicles make it more difficult for passenger car drivers to see through, around, or past them. In a crash, the bumpers of tall vehicles cause more damage and increase the possibility of injury to the car's occupants. They also cause more glare when approaching or following other traffic because headlights are higher. The square shape and taller height of the light trucks mean they are more likely to be blown off the road by high winds.

Light trucks are heavier than passenger cars and take longer to stop, turn, or accelerate than do lighter vehicles. In an evasive emergency maneuver, the higher center of gravity of these vehicles makes them prone to roll over or pitch forward more easily than a car.

Step vans (delivery trucks) and 15-passenger vans are large vehicles with limited visibility to the rear. These vehicles have the same performance and handling characteristics of pickup trucks, SUVs and light trucks. Seldom is there an interior mounted rear-view mirror available for the driver to see to the rear of the vehicle. Avoid placing your vehicle at the rear or directly to the side of a van on the road. Increase space between your vehicle and a large van if possible. If you have to pass, ensure there is space in your lane to quickly overtake and reenter your lane.

According to NHTSA's "Traffic Safety Facts", in 2009, large vehicle including single-unit trucks and semi-trucks (18 wheelers) weighing more than 10,000 pounds accounted for approximately 7% of the vehicles in fatal crashes. Of the 3,215 large trucks involved in fatal crashes, 67% were semi-trucks.

In general, the bigger and heavier the vehicle, the longer it takes to accelerate and stop. Larger vehicles are also less maneuverable than smaller vehicles.

Drivers of large vehicles sit up high and have an excellent view of the road ahead; however, the size of their vehicle limits their vision to the rear and to the sides.

A large blind spot exists on the left (and several hundred feet directly behind the trailer). The entire right side of these vehicles also presents an equally dangerous blind spot.

When traveling behind large trucks, increase your following distance. If you follow too closely, the large truck will obstruct your view of the road ahead. If you are in traffic following too closely, the truck driver cannot see you. Slow down and re-position your vehicle so you have a better view of the road ahead, and you can see the side mirrors on the truck.

Trucks that are loaded usually travel very slowly uphill and have a tendency to increase speed traveling downhill. If you are in front of a truck that is traveling downhill, change lanes, out of the truck's path. If you are traveling behind a truck going uphill, pass it only when it is safe to do so. If you cannot pass, adjust speed, and prepare to drive the same speed the truck is going. Even if it is very slow, be patient. You have no other safe choice. Do not follow too closely behind a truck going uphill. Mechanical failures could cause the truck to roll back and collide with your vehicle.

When following, passing, or while being passed by a truck in wet weather, be cautious of the tire spray. As you pass or are being passed, turn your wipers to high, anticipate the spray, maintain a straight path in your lane until you regain visibility.

Blind spots around large vehicles are called "no-zones" because occupying these zones is extremely dangerous and not recommended.

Stay out of the "no-zones." If you have to enter the no-zone, get in and out quickly! Do not enter a no-zone and linger - a truck driver might see you before you enter and forget you are there. If you see a truck begin to enter your lane when you are in the no-zone, never assume the driver is aware of your vehicle location. Maneuver out of no-zones as soon as possible.

If a truck has a long and broad hood, the driver may also have restricted vision up to 20 feet beyond his or her front bumper. Long semi-trucks can have a blind spot of up to 200 feet behind the truck.

Before deciding to pass a large truck, be sure to gauge the total length of the truck. Is the tractor pulling two or possibly three trailers? Can you see that far ahead?

Drop back, maintain a long following distance so you can search well ahead of the truck for hazards down the road. Ensure that you have sufficient space ahead of the truck to allow you to easily re-enter the lane after overtaking and passing. Check for curves ahead and no-passing zones. Try to plan an escape route if you get caught in a hazardous situation during the maneuver. Never pass if you have to linger for any amount of time in the truck's "no-zone."

Never pull quickly into a space directly in front of a truck or "cut off" a large truck in traffic. This is a major cause of truck-car crashes and in most cases the driver of the car is the one who gets injured.

When a large truck enters a highway or freeway, demonstrate courtesy and create space for the truck to enter. Recognize when you have entered a "no-zone."- if you are in one, maneuver your vehicle out of the "no-zone." as soon as it is safe to do so.

Commercial buses transport an assortment of passengers, and many commercial buses transport children to help supplement the school bus system.

Commercial buses make frequent stops that delay traffic, often in the right lane. They often block your view of cross traffic and of passengers getting on and off the bus.

If you see a commercial bus on its route ahead of your vehicle, change lanes well in advance to avoid their frequent stops. If the traffic is congested, be patient and stop behind the bus' rear no-zone. Allow the passengers on board the bus to disembark and make their way safely to the sidewalk.

Drive with care when you are near a school bus. If you approach a school bus from either direction and the bus is displaying alternately flashing red lights, you must stop and not pass until (1) the school bus has resumed motion, or (2) you are signaled by the driver to proceed, or (3) the red lights are no longer flashing.

You need not stop when meeting or passing a school bus which is (1) on a different roadway, or (2) upon a controlled-access highway where the school bus is stopped in a loading zone and pedestrians are not permitted to cross the roadway.

A person who fails to obey the law regarding yielding the right-of-way to school buses displaying alternating, flashing lights, is subject to a fine of not less than $200.00 or more than $1,000.00. A second or subsequent conviction can result in a license suspension up to 6 months (Texas Drivers Handbook).

Search for small children and other pedestrians around school buses prior to the bus stopping and after it departs. Be extra cautious and resume driving slowly, only after you are sure there are no pedestrians in your path.

About 38% of pedestrian fatalities in 2009 resulted from persons improperly crossing the roadway or intersection, walking, playing, or working in the roadway.

Pedestrians often enter an intersection before it is safe, or they dash across the street when they are in a hurry. Even though they might know better, it is your responsibility to yield the right-of-way to them.

In bad weather, watch for pedestrians to unexpectedly cross your path when they are trying to get out of the cold or stay dry in a rain storm. Watch out for the unpredictable pedestrian with an umbrella; it is likely that they can see no more than their feet as they shield themselves from the weather. They cannot see you - compensate for their unpredictable actions, slow down and yield the right-of-way.

Elderly, disabled, or blind pedestrians might move slowly through intersections. Be patient and courteous as you wait for them to cross; do not honk your horn or shout at them.

On roadways without sidewalks, pedestrians are supposed to walk along the left side of the road facing traffic. This is a law designed for road users to "see and be seen". If you see a pedestrian along the side of the road, slow down and increase the space between your vehicle and the edge of the road.

As a driver, you become a pedestrian as soon as you exit your vehicle. Remember other drivers might not see you; you should anticipate that they might not extend you the proper courtesy. You have just become the vulnerable one!

As you approach the vehicle, check for the presence of pedestrians, especially in parking lots. When backing out of a driveway, watch for children playing near or behind the vehicle.

Bicyclists are sharing the roadway more than ever - they use bicycles to commute, deliver packages, and for recreation and exercise.

Bicyclists are supposed to obey traffic laws and the other rules-of-the-road like other highway transportation system users, but do not assume that they will. Some bicyclists may ignore traffic signs.

Anticipate how road conditions, the environment, or traffic situation will affect bicyclists' actions. Bicyclists might enter your path without warning, swerve to avoid obstacles, unintentionally fall from their bike, etc. A bicyclist is just as unpredictable as a person driving a car.

As you approach a bicyclist, adjust your speed and position. Slow down and create a wide space. Do not pass if the road is too narrow for you to pass safely. Do not pass them if you cannot safely move out of your lane. Be patient and follow them at a distance until it is safe to pass. From a distance, communicate your intentions to pass by signaling with a tap on your horn. Do not get up close behind a bicyclist and use your horn.

Texas law authorizes NEVs to be operated on roads with a posted speed limit of 45 mph or less. Be extra cautious while sharing the road with NEV operators. NEV operators are required to have a driver license, but not required to have a motorcycle endorsement. They are also not required to wear helmets--which puts them at a higher risk than those who are operating larger vehicles. Be aware that you may find NEV operators on the main road, or if they are driving an enclosed three-wheeled vehicle, they may drive in preferential lanes instead.

Motorcycles are small and difficult to see as they approach you from the opposing direction or from the side. Motorcycles can accelerate very quickly and can make extremely fast maneuvers. The driver has virtually no protection against injury during a crash.

You may not operate a motorcycle unless you have applied for a class M license or possess an official authorization to operate a motorcycle with proof that you have completed an approved motorcycle operator training course. As of September 1, 2009, motorcycle riders are no longer required to carry a $10,000 minimum health insurance coverage. Instead, the Texas Department of Insurance is now required to prescribe a standard proof of health insurance for issuance of those who are over 21 years old and covered by an approved health insurance plan.

When sharing the road with motorcycles, first you need to know they are there. Motorcycles can overtake you quickly from behind. Search for motorcycles at all times, especially before changing lanes, turning, or passing.

It is the law that motorcycles must always operate with their headlight on - even during the day. Scan your mirrors for the presence of an approaching motorcycle by looking for the single headlight. Often, you might hear it before you see it.

Because motorcycles are small, it is more difficult to judge their speed. Before changing lanes or maneuvering your vehicle, check the speed of the motorcycle - be sure you and the motorcycle are not about to merge into the same space.

Motorcycles have small mirrors. If you are behind or to the side, do not assume the motorcyclist sees you.

Motorcycles take up a small amount of space in the lane, but they need every bit of the lane in case they need to make a fast, evasive maneuver. Anticipate sudden movements, swerving, and quick lane changes without signals.

Give the motorcyclist plenty of space and increase that space when the condition of the road is rough, irregular, or slippery as the result of inclement weather.

When being passed by a motorcycle, maintain your lane position and prepare to adjust your speed to let the motorcycle in front of you. If you see a motorcycle rapidly overtaking you from the rear, maintain your lane position until it passes. Don’t try to change lanes.

If you fail to yield the right-of-way to a motorcycle and it results in a collision causing injury, the minimum fine is $500. If the collision results in a serious bodily injury or death, the minimum fine is $1,000, with a maximum fine of $4,000.

Each year, about 1.5 million animal-vehicle collisions cause about $1 billion in damage, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). When a vehicle collides with a deer or, in some northern states, a moose or elk the average damage is about $2,500, though it can exceed $10,000. According to NHTSA, in 2009 there were 173 fatal crashes and 12,000 injury collisions involving animals and motor vehicles.

Animal-vehicle collisions can happen any time of year, but autumn is the peak season for deer-car collisions. Deer and other large animals that live in wooded areas are likely to be more active and roam outside of their territory during autumn because it is mating and hunting season.

As a driver, there are a few guidelines to help reduce the risk of colliding with a deer, moose, or elk:

• Scan well ahead and far off to the sides of the roadway when you see "deer crossing" signs.
  
• At night, use your high-beam lights, conditions permitting, to illuminate the road's edges.
  
• Conduct extensive visual search in areas near woods and water, especially at dawn and dusk, when these animals venture out to feed. If you see one deer, there may be several others nearby.
  
• Do not flash your headlights.
  
• If there is no vehicle close behind you, brake hard.
  
• If a collision is inevitable, do not swerve to avoid the animal; your risk of injury may be greater if you run off the road. Maintain control of the vehicle. Report the collision to the police and your insurance company.
  

Animals are unpredictable and easily startled. Encountering animals on the road can be dangerous whether it is a herd of cows, a single horse and rider, or a wandering pet.

When you are driving on rural roads, be aware that you could encounter livestock at any time. Farmers often use rural roads to move animals between paddocks, or graze stock at the side of the road. Watch for livestock if you see broken fences, open farm gates, or droppings on the road. If there are animals on the road or roadside:

• Reduce your speed and be ready to stop.
  
• Do not sound your horn or rev your engine.
  

Horses can frighten easily, behave unpredictably, and move into the road very quickly. Horses also have very good hearing and are easily alarmed by loud, unexpected noises. The average horse is so heavy, a collision with a car can kill the horse, its rider, and those in the vehicle. Do not overtake a horse as you would another vehicle. When approaching a horse in the roadway:

• Slow down and give the horse plenty of room, especially on bridges or narrow roads.
  
• Do not sound your horn or rev your engine.
  
• Stop if the horse appears frightened.
  
• At night, do not use high-beam headlights.
  

If a smaller animal like a rabbit, cat, or dog crosses your path, do not swerve. Brake firmly if safe to do so. Small animals will do minimal damage to your vehicle if you cannot stop in time. Do not risk injury to yourself to avoid hitting an animal.

Take extra care at sunset as the temperature cools; this is the time nocturnal animals feed and seek water.

If you injure a domestic or farm animal on the road, contact the animal's owner. If you are unable to contact the owner, contact an inspector from The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) or a police officer no more than 48 hours after the collision.

In the event that you hit a small animal, it may need medical assistance. If the animal has been killed, contact your local authorities to remove the animal from the roadway.

Do your best to communicate your intentions when there is confusion about the right-of-way.

• Yield to any emergency vehicle that is using its siren and flashing lights.
  
• Signal your intention when turning left at an intersection or when making a U-turn. If it is an unprotected left or u-turn, yield to all oncoming traffic until there is a gap providing you with sufficient time and space to safely turn.
  
• Yield to all vehicles already traveling in the roadway.
  
• Drivers must yield to pedestrians in marked or unmarked crossings.
  
• Always yield to persons who carry a white cane or have a guide dog, whenever they are in the roadway.
  
• If your lane is blocked, you must yield the right-of-way to other vehicles around you before you prepare a lane change to go around the vehicle blocking your lane.
  

If your lane is ending, you must yield the right-of-way to vehicles already traveling in adjacent lanes.

Light trucks have a high center of gravity which increases their susceptibility to roll over.

When you approach a school bus on an undivided roadway, be prepared to stop. When you see the flashing red stop lights, stop before reaching the bus zone and wait for the bus to unload or load. Proceed only after the bus driver turns off the red flashing lights. Watch for children.

When traveling behind large trucks, increase your following distance. Avoid traveling in “no-zones” that are ahead, to the sides, and behind large trucks. If you find yourself in one of these areas, maneuver to get out of it quickly so you will be seen by the driver.

As you approach a bicyclist, adjust your speed and position. Slow down and create a wide space. Do not pass if the road is too narrow for you to pass safely. Do not pass them if you cannot safely move out of your lane. Be patient and follow them at a distance until it is safe to pass.

When being passed by a motorcycle, maintain your lane position and prepare to adjust your speed to let it in ahead of you. If you see a motorcycle rapidly overtaking you from the rear, maintain your lane position until it passes.

A few guidelines to help reduce the risk of colliding with large animals include:

• Scan well ahead and far off to the sides of the roadway when you see "deer crossing" signs.
  
• At night, use your high-beam lights, conditions permitting, to illuminate the road's edges.
  
• If you see a deer on or near the roadway and think you have time to avoid hitting it, reduce your speed, tap your brakes, and sound your horn to warn other drivers of the hazard ahead.
  
• Do not flash your headlights.
  
• If there is no vehicle close behind you, brake hard.
  
• If a collision is inevitable, do not swerve to avoid the animal - your risk of injury may be greater if you run off the road. Maintain control of your vehicle. Report the collision to the police and your insurance company.
  

[nem 2,019]

Anyone got any good 'cooking for one' recipes?

J

I like to go visit friends and family, they are always cooking.

[Godsmack 360]

Anyone got any good 'cooking for one' recipes?

J

I like to go visit friends and family, they are always cooking.

Not exactly a huge option in AZ...........That and I hate 'dropping in' on dinner on friends out here.

J

[liljestrand 244]

Anyone else have a problem with chat? Every time I join it says i've been kicked.

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

Anyone got any good 'cooking for one' recipes?

J

Any recipe can be made into a cooking for one recipe, usually

[stevemead08 752]

I've spent a lot time in a newer F250 recently. It's a 2wd gasser but dang its sooo much nicer than my dads truck in basically everyway.

I've been looking at one lately to replace my silverado 1500. I'll probably wait untill spring. i wish ford or Chevy would make a mega cab like dodge did. I just can't bring myself to buy a dodge.

[Tirefryr 1,742]

QUIT POSTING THE STUPID TRANSPORTATION BULLSHIT!

[jonbearsmt 919]

yeah why do you keep doing that ?

[jonbearsmt 919]

i tore up my nightshade to prep for recone.. i have NEVER had so much trouble ... i had to use a crowbar to get the cone Assembly out then half the coil winds were fucked inside the gap, it was soooo hard to get out.. i had to run dani finished it up for me. it was cunt..

and when it blew it caught on fire, the former is toasted and thin as can be, there were flame marks on the bottom of the spiders, and the wounds are shit .... but i have never had so much trouble breaking a sub down...

i can take pics if anyone cares...

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

Hey if I have to suffer through this bullshit everyone does

[Godsmack 360]

I've spent a lot time in a newer F250 recently. It's a 2wd gasser but dang its sooo much nicer than my dads truck in basically everyway.

I've been looking at one lately to replace my silverado 1500. I'll probably wait untill spring. i wish ford or Chevy would make a mega cab like dodge did. I just can't bring myself to buy a dodge.

Tundra?

J

[Godsmack 360]

Hey if I have to suffer through this bullshit everyone does

Nope. You're not burying a dog, or nursing your wounds over something that happened. You are sharing quite simple pointless shit with us.

J

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

Spam in the spam thread? Well I never

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

An intersection is a point where any two or more roadways intersect or come together.

Statistically, an intersection is one of the most dangerous locations within the highway transportation system.

In 2009, about 18% of all fatal crashes in the U.S. occurred at intersections.

Intersections are unforgiving environments. Traffic can be traveling 25-55 mph or faster. Often there is very little time to judge distance and make the right response. When drivers misjudge gaps, lethal outcomes result from head-on and side collisions.

Intersections can be very complex and require wide visual scans of rapidly changing situations. As you approach any intersection, you will be faced with many decisions. Manage your distractions, predict the actions of other road users, signal your intentions, and focus on maneuvering through the intersection.

This module is about how to approach and manage traffic conflicts that are present in intersections. Topics include:

• Types of Intersections
  
• Maneuvering Techniques
  
• Speed and Vehicle Position
  
• Blocked Line-of-sight
  
• Railroad Crossings
  

There are through or cross-intersections, "T" and "Y" intersections, and traffic circles or roundabouts. Usually intersections have traffic controls to regulate traffic flow, yet some are uncontrolled. As you approach an intersection, quickly assess if the intersection is controlled or uncontrolled.

Controlled intersections have signs, signals, and/or pavement markings to tell drivers what to do. The most common controlled intersection is one controlled with a stop sign. Yield signs and traffic signals are also used depending on how light or heavy the traffic flows through that particular intersection.

If a signal is out on a controlled intersection, police or traffic control officials may be present to "control" traffic through the intersection. They give direction with whistles, flags, and hand signals. Obey their directions. It is illegal to disregard the direction of a traffic control official.

Uncontrolled intersections do not have any traffic controls to regulate traffic. Typically uncontrolled intersections are located in rural areas or in residential neighborhoods.

As you near an uncontrolled intersection, advance intersection signs may be in place to warn drivers of the approaching junction. Some advance intersection signs communicate the type of intersection you are approaching.

Rotary traffic islands confuse some drivers but they actually are safer environments than cross-intersections. All traffic is going in the same direction. Judging gaps in traffic is easier and driver mistakes are typically not lethal. They present no demand to judge closing speeds of fast traffic.

In a traffic island the number of potential conflict points for vehicles and pedestrians is substantially less than in a cross-intersection.

There are up to 32 potential vehicle conflict points in a single-lane cross-intersection versus 8 in a single-lane roundabout. In the same cross-intersection for pedestrians, there can be up to 24 pedestrian/vehicle conflict points versus 8 in the roundabout. This is one of the reasons you will begin to see more of these intersections being incorporated into our road system in the future.

As you near a controlled intersection search the entire intersection and surrounding area to identify other road users and potential conflicts:

• Check your lines of sight to determine if any trees, buildings, or other objects obstruct your full scanning capability.
  
• Check for markings, signs, and signals that control the traffic movement.
  
• If you need to turn, determine if turns are allowed and look for markings or advance channelization signs that give you direction on which lane you need to be in.
  
• Maintain your vehicle's position in your lane. Maneuver through the intersection only when you can do it safely.
  
• If you are turning, signal your intentions and reduce your speed.
  
• Prepare to yield to anyone that is already in the intersection.
  
• Exercise "due care" to avoid colliding with any pedestrian or other vehicle operator.
  

At the intersection, conduct another thorough search sequence. Repeat the search sequence if you are in a busy or confusing situation. Exercise situational awareness - notice the speeds, direction, and intended maneuvers of the others sharing the intersection.

If you approach a yellow or red signal in your lane, you are required to slow and stop.

• Check your rear-view mirror for traffic behind you.
  
• Tap the brake to communicate to drivers behind you that you are about to stop.
  
• Search for the stop line or crosswalk markings. Plan your stop before these markings or at the edge of the crossroad.
  
• Determine where you want the vehicle to go and bring your vehicle to a smooth stop.
  

After you stop:

• Remain stopped and wait for the green signal. Delay your start until you are sure the intersection is clear and there are no potential red-light runners.
  
• Search left, center, right, and left again. Repeat this process if the intersection is not clear enough for you to proceed. During your search, anticipate that others might be entering your intersection after running a yellow light or because they are distracted or inattentive. Always yield to others who are already in the intersection.
  
• Do not allow the front of your vehicle to enter the intersection until it is clear.
  

Often impatient drivers violate the right-of-way by rolling into the intersection before it is clear. How does this impact the driver who thinks they are about to lose the right-of-way? Sometimes they overcorrect and swerve into another lane.

At an intersection controlled by a stop sign, yield sign, or flashing red light, yield the right-of-way to any vehicle in the intersection or vehicle approaching from across the road.

Drivers may not notice uncontrolled intersections. Some uncontrolled intersections have advance intersection warning signs. Many are hidden from the line of sight. Continuous scanning is important to pick up clues that you are approaching an uncontrolled intersection. Look for changes in the environment at the edge of the roadway. Lights, mailboxes, fence corners, and parked vehicles are all indications that you are approaching an intersection.

Moving traffic in the intersection has the right-of-way. When approaching an intersection, drivers must yield to any other vehicles approaching on a roadway without traffic controls.

As you approach the uncontrolled intersection, adjust your speed and/or position, check for traffic to the rear, be prepared to brake, and plan an evasive maneuver if another driver pulls unexpectedly into the intersection, and into your path.

When scanning, identify a large gap that gives you time to turn and accelerate to match the speed of traffic without interruption. If traffic is going fast, increase your search distance and identify a larger gap to enter. Watch for pedestrians, bicyclists, and other road users.

When you enter traffic from a stopped position, always yield the right-of-way to vehicles, pedestrians, and through traffic already in the intersection or close enough to pose a hazard.

Identify your path of travel. Imagine the track or line that you will be driving. Keep your eyes moving and be aware of your entire traffic situation. If your line-of-sight is obstructed in the intersection or beyond, slow down - there may be hidden hazards.

If you are in traffic and other vehicles are blocking your view, re-position your vehicle or increase following distance so you can see to react.

All vehicles for hire carrying passengers, all buses carrying passengers, and all vehicles carrying explosives or flammable liquids must always make a full stop at railroad tracks. These vehicles must stop no closer than 15 feet and no more than 50 feet away from the nearest rail.

If you approach a railroad crossing at which a stop sign is posted, you must come to a complete stop and proceed over the tracks only after looking both ways to make sure a train is not approaching. Never assume because there is only a stop sign that the track is not used, and that a train is not coming.

When you are stopped at an intersection, before entering the intersection, scan the intersecting roadways for traffic. If your view is obstructed to the left or right in any direction, your line-of-sight is blocked and risk is increased.

This situation can occur when exiting parking lots with many drivers pulling out and in from all directions. SUVs or large vehicles often block your view. Also, trees and hedges are often overgrown and can block your line-of-sight.

To reduce conflict at intersections with reduced visibility, proceed as if a vehicle was approaching.

Stop at the stop bar, crosswalk, or before the intersection. Do not accelerate. Inch forward very slowly by easing off the brake.

Approaching vehicles may honk - if your radio is on, turn it down or off so you can hear.

Continue to inch forward until you can see past the obstruction and into the intersection. If another vehicle is approaching, it has the right-of-way. When your path of travel is clear, begin to accelerate and turn or go through the intersection.

An intersection is a point where two or more roadways intersect. There are both controlled and uncontrolled intersections.

As you near a controlled intersection, search the intersection to identify other road users. Locate traffic controls and begin to follow their direction. If you need to turn, look for special turn lanes. Reduce your speed. Yield to anyone that is already in the intersection.

At the intersection, search left, center, right, and left again.

If you approach a yellow or red signal in your lane, you are required to slow and be prepared to stop. After you stop, keep pressure on the brake and wait for the green signal. Remember to delay your start to avoid being struck by a red light runner. When the intersection is clear, maneuver your vehicle through the intersection.

When you are stopped at an intersection, if your view is obstructed in any direction, your line-of-sight is blocked. Do not accelerate. Inch forward very slowly by easing off the brake. Continue to inch forward until you can see past the obstruction and into the intersection. If another vehicle is approaching, it has the right-of-way. When your path of travel is clear, begin to accelerate and turn or go through the intersection.

Approach a railroad crossing with extreme caution. Look both ways, roll your windows down to hear, and be prepared to stop. If signal and bells are flashing and ringing, do not enter the intersection. Do not try to beat the train. Never stop your vehicle while over the railroad tracks or between the gates.

Two-way roadways with a posted speed limit of 55 mph are typical in rural areas. These roads may have dangerous hills, curves and intersections.

There are fewer vehicles, yet drivers travel at very high speeds. Rural roads have many unique, high-risk characteristics. In 2005, 74% of all fatal crashes occurred on two-lane, undivided roadways.

These roads are dangerous because you are driving at high speeds often with only a lane marking that separates you from oncoming traffic. Typically there are fewer traffic controls. Most rural intersections are only controlled by stop signs. Occasionally, busy two-lane rural intersections are controlled by signals.

This module is about the dangers and challenges of driving on two-way roadways. The topics that will be addressed include:

• Rural Driving Environments and Speed
  
• Roadside Hazards
  
• Driving on Hills and Mountains
  
• Curved Roadways
  
• Passing and Being Passed
  

Rural or country driving involves unique characteristics and risk factors:

• Fewer intersections (many hidden or uncontrolled)
  
• Undivided, two-lane roads with oncoming traffic
  
• Limited shoulders and guardrails
  
• Wild animals
  
• Horse-drawn carriages, farm equipment, and other slow-moving vehicles
  
• Fewer vehicles, less traffic
  
• Drivers tend to travel at higher speeds with lower seat belt use
  
• Limited access to advanced medical care (in the event of injuries related to a crash, the average time to reach an emergency care facility in a rural area is 53 minutes versus 37 minutes in an urban area)
  

Another risk associated with rural driving is boredom. When driving in the country, keep your mind focused on the task of driving. If you get bored, practice various "what-if" driving scenarios.

Rural roads can be made of various materials and have many different surfaces, each with different and often low-traction conditions. Surfaces can include concrete, asphalt, brick, gravel, crushed stone, and dirt. Each of these surfaces affects traction quite differently. Rural roads can also be covered with water, wet leaves, or mud. Also, the surface might be rough, irregular (ruts) or have unexpected potholes or falling rocks.

Some other characteristics of rural roads include narrow lane widths and poor lighting. Shoulders are typically small, sloped, or non-existent. This limits escape routes which are also difficult to navigate because of roadside trees, ditches, and steep embankments.

When driving on rural roadways, surface and road conditions can change quickly with little warning. Be extra alert and watch for warning signs that communicate changes in road conditions. Because there are few intersections, they often appear when you do not expect them. Watch for indications that other traffic might be entering your travel path.

Posted speed limits on rural roads are often higher than in urban areas; however, the older rural roads were originally designed and built for vehicles traveling at slower speeds.

When you travel at higher speeds on these roads remember you will need a longer stopping distance. Your vehicle is more difficult to control and in the event of a collision the risk of you being injured is significantly higher.

Adjust your speed to road and weather conditions. Listen to the sounds of your tires on the surface. If the road sounds rough or you experience difficulty with traction, slow down and be prepared to adjust your steering. Sudden changes in traction can occur when transitioning from a paved road to a dirt road and may result in a loss of control. Use low-hand steering and keep both hands on the wheel at all times.

Watch for signs that warn you of an approaching intersection or curve. Do not depend on signs being there to warn you of all the hazards you will encounter.

Do not drive faster than the posted speed limit or suggested warning sign.

Rural hazards include hidden intersections, roadside businesses, slow-moving vehicles, oncoming traffic, pedestrians in the road or near the roadside, and animals in your path.

Rural intersections are typically marked with signs and have no signals. Watch for approaching warning signs. When you see an approaching warning sign, it might be your only visual indication that the road is about to change. Be ready to respond quickly to what these signs are communicating to you.

Drivers on rural roads will encounter "T" intersections, where side roads join a main road at a right angle. These intersections are dangerous because drivers traveling at high speed sometimes have difficulty seeing vehicles as they enter the road ahead. Vehicles that enter the through roadway enter very slowly and need time to accelerate to the posted speed limit. When a vehicle enters the roadway from a "T" intersection ahead of you, slow down until you are able to judge the required speed and space requirements needed to avoid a collision.

Drivers will also be faced with "Y" intersections, where roadways intersect at unusual angles. "Y" intersections can be confusing, and are usually an intersection of a minor and major road. As you approach a "Y" intersection, watch for slow-moving vehicles as they enter the through road. If you are not sure which road is the through road, slow down and look for directional signs. Also, drivers entering a "Y" intersection must have more flexible neck muscles to enable them to turn their heads further to scan for intersecting traffic.

Roadside traffic can enter your path quickly. When you see vehicles about to enter the road, slow down because they may enter your path. You might encounter a vehicle stopped in front of you, waiting to turn left. Do not leave the road and drive around it on the shoulder. Be patient. Communicate to traffic approaching from behind that they will need to slow and stop by tapping on your brakes.

Slow-moving vehicles such as farm equipment might be blocking your path. Overtake these vehicles only if you have time and space to make a safe maneuver. If it is not safe, back off and wait; drivers of these vehicles frequently will pull over to allow backed-up traffic to pass. Exercise courtesy and patience.

On rural roads, oncoming traffic might be difficult to see and the speed of these approaching vehicles might be hard to assess. Always travel with your headlights on so you can be seen. On narrow roadways, oncoming traffic might be driving in a portion of your lane. If you see this situation ahead, slow down and try not to meet the oncoming vehicle at a point where there is no shoulder. Extend courtesy and pull your vehicle over to the right edge of the roadway and gesture for the other driver to go through.

Pedestrians without sidewalks and animals on the side of the road also present potential problems. Search the road as far ahead as possible and watch for these hazards. Avoid quick steering movements at high speeds. Slow when you see a pedestrian and yield the right-of-way. Look far ahead so that you have time to react and avoid these hazards.

Before traveling on hills and mountains, prepare your vehicle's brakes and tires for extreme road conditions.

These roads are built to follow the contour of the terrain resulting in sharp curves and very steep grades. Because of these grades and curves, drivers must travel at various speeds. Some mountain roads have curves so sharp that the roadway actually bends back in the opposite direction - this is called a switchback curve.

Also, if you are being tailgated, or there is a long line of vehicles behind you, watch for turnouts and passing lanes. Pull over if you are being pressured by aggressive drivers behind you.

Before leaving on your drive through the mountains, know what you are heading into. Have plenty of gas and make sure that your medications and emergency kit are with you. Avoid traveling in this terrain at night or in bad weather. Weather in the mountains can change very quickly. Tune in a local radio station to check on changing mountain weather and road conditions. In some mountainous regions a particular radio station is identified as the one to tune to for this type of information; the frequency will be displayed on informational signs along the roadway.

Road conditions are also subject to change in areas where there is falling rock and in high elevations where there is snow.

Before driving in the mountains, remember to think about how the altitude, motion, and potential vertigo might affect you and your passengers.

Is anyone afraid of heights? If so, have them sit away from the edge of the roadway. When they look out they will be seeing the road instead of the distance below.

Is anyone prone to motion sickness? Even though your safety belt holds you in position as you drive, the motion of going back and forth and up and down will pull and move you and your passengers around in their seats.

Be aware that at very high elevations, above 5,000 feet, there is substantially less oxygen available and you can become tired very quickly. The lack of oxygen at high elevations can also cause shortness of breath, headache, nosebleeds, and an increase in your heart rate.

The air is thinner at high altitudes and the change in oxygen levels may affect your vehicle performance. Altitude affects climbing power and you might experience slow acceleration. Because liquids boil and evaporate easier, your engine may overheat. If your temperature light comes on, pull over and let the engine cool off. Turn on the heater to help circulate hot air away from the engine. When you shut off the overheated engine, gasoline can vaporize in the fuel line (this is called "vapor lock"). Allow your engine to cool off and then try to restart it.

If you plan to drive in the mountains frequently, have a mechanic adjust your engine for maximum performance in high altitude conditions. This will prevent a condition that will keep your engine from starting until it cools down.

As you go into a curve, you can feel centripetal force pulling you toward the outside of the curve. If you are going left, it will pull you to the outside edge of the roadway. If you are going right, centripetal force will pull your vehicle to the center of the road, or possibly into an oncoming traffic lane.

Curved roadways vary by the degree of the curve and the slope of the roadway. To maintain traction on a flat road, drive slowly through the curve.

A crowned roadway is higher in the center for water drainage. A left curve on a crowned road that is not banked is very dangerous and should be approached with reduced speed.

The surface condition can also vary and affect how you need to adjust your speed or position.

Watch for advance warning signs that communicate a curve and the suggested speed. These speeds are designated for ideal conditions. Adjust your speed so you enter the curve no faster than the sign indicates. Enter the curve slower than the posted speed if there is reduced traction or visibility. Look ahead for oncoming vehicles entering the curve too fast. Be prepared for an oncoming vehicle to take the curve wide - plan to reposition your vehicle or visualize an escape route. You may be forced to take evasive action. After passing the sharpest point (apex) in the curve, accelerate gently. Stay to the right of your lane while driving through the curve. When you are through the curve, accelerate to a safe speed.

Enter a curve slower than the posted speed if:

• Your vehicle is tall, has a high center of gravity, or if it has substantial weight loaded high
  
• Road conditions are slippery or if surface traction is less than ideal
  
• You are entering a blind curve that you cannot see around
  

If you are traveling where there are tight curves that you cannot see around, stay to the right and tap your horn before entering the “blind” curve. Tapping on the horn warns traffic ahead that you are about to enter the curve. This is important when sharing the road with vehicles such as RVs that need to make wide turns to maneuver around tight curves. In this situation, be sure your audio system is off so you can hear other drivers if they signal to you with their horns. Be prepared to stop and yield the right-of-way to other vehicles that are using your lane as they maneuver through a blind curve. You may not pass another vehicle when approaching the crest of a grade or upon a curve in the highway, specifically where your view is obstructed so that it creates a hazard if another vehicle approaches from the opposite direction.

Passing is one of the most dangerous maneuvers drivers perform. Did you know there are more than 3,000 head-on crashes every year? In 2009, 75% of all fatal crashes occurred on two-lane, undivided roadways. Make the decision to pass only if it is legal, safe, and beneficial.

Most roads have pavement lane markings that indicate whether you may or may not pass.

• It is illegal to pass when there is a solid line on your side of the road.
  
• Passing is permitted if there is a broken line on your side of the road and there are no oncoming vehicles in the passing lane.
  

Passing another vehicle on a two-lane roadway requires you to quickly make critical time, space, and visibility decisions. Judging the speed of other vehicles accurately is one of the most difficult skills in driving.

You probably know that it takes more than five to seven seconds to pass another car even if it is traveling slowly. You will need about 10 to 15 seconds to pass another car traveling 30 mph. Did you know that at highway speeds, traveling at 60 mph, you will need about 20 seconds to pass another car traveling 50 mph? During that time you will travel almost 1,800 feet, the length of six football fields! It is critical that you make sure no vehicles are approaching in the oncoming traffic lane and you have enough space to pass safely.

When oncoming traffic is present you will need twice as much space. In the situation above you will need about 3,600 feet of clear space - a little over two-thirds of a mile! Many head-on, passing crashes occur because drivers fail to see and accurately judge the speed and distance of approaching vehicles. When you see oncoming vehicles getting closer, it is too close for you to start the pass. Check driveways and side roads ahead to make sure no traffic will be entering the roadway.

In the interest of self preservation, you must judge if you have enough room to pass when you approach large vehicles, hills and curves, intersections, and restricted lanes. Passing larger vehicles requires more time and space. At highway speeds of 60 mph you will need an additional five to seven seconds to pass a large vehicle such as a tractor-trailer truck or bus traveling 50 mph. During the 25 to 27 seconds needed to complete the pass safely you will travel 2,250 feet to 2,450 feet. And remember, if oncoming traffic is also traveling 60 mph, you will need almost one mile of clear space in the opposing lane.

• Hills and curves: When your vision is limited by a hill or curve, assume that an oncoming vehicle is just out of sight and do not pass! Hills and curves have just as much potential danger as oncoming vehicles. If you are within one-third of a mile of a hill or curve, do not start the pass.
  
• Intersections: Do not pass within 100 feet of any location where other vehicles or pedestrians can enter or cross the road. These locations include intersections, railroad crossings, and entrances to shopping centers. While you are passing, your view of pedestrians, vehicles, or trains is blocked by the vehicle you are passing.
  
• Lane restrictions: Check ahead for road conditions and traffic that could prevent you from passing safely. Pedestrians, cyclists, a patch of ice, broken pavement, or debris in the road could reduce or eliminate your passing safety margin. Most states prohibit passing on bridges, in tunnels, or where traffic is limited to one lane in each direction. It is also illegal to exceed the speed limit even when passing another vehicle.
  

Do not begin the passing maneuver unless you are certain there is enough space ahead to return to your lane. Never assume you have enough space to pass several vehicles at once and do not rely on other drivers to make space for you to return. Before you return to your original travel lane, make sure you leave at least one second of space between yourself and the vehicle you passed. To accomplish this, make sure you see the entire front end of the vehicle you passed in your rear-view mirror.

Before passing, assess the real benefits of performing the maneuver. Is it worth the effort and risk?

The driver doing the passing has the majority of responsibility for passing safely. If you are the driver being passed, you also have certain responsibilities.

Regularly glance in your mirror to ensure you are aware that another vehicle is passing. Do not rely on the other driver to communicate the maneuver by tapping the horn or flashing the headlights.

Position your vehicle in the right side of your lane to help the other driver get a better view ahead and allow them more space when passing. Determine if the passing driver is having difficulty completing the pass safely. If so, help the other driver by slowing down. It is illegal to speed up while being passed.

Sometimes the passing driver decides not to pass and drops back. If this happens, accelerate slightly to open up space behind you.

Rural or country driving involves unique characteristics and risk factors:

• Fewer intersections (many hidden or uncontrolled)
  
• Undivided, two-lane roads with oncoming traffic
  
• Limited shoulders and guardrails
  
• Wild animals
  
• Horse-drawn carriages, farm equipment, and other slow-moving vehicles
  
• Fewer vehicles, less traffic
  
• Drivers tend to travel at higher speeds with lower seat belt use
  
• Limited access to advanced medical care (in the event of injuries related to a crash, the average time to reach an emergency care facility in a rural area is 53 minutes versus 37 minutes in an urban area)
  

Slow-moving vehicles such as farm equipment might be blocking your path. Overtake these vehicles only if you have time and space to make a safe maneuver. If it is not safe, back off and wait; drivers of these vehicles frequently will pull over to allow backed-up traffic to pass. Exercise courtesy and patience.

Before traveling on hills and mountains, prepare your vehicle's brakes and tires for extreme forces of gravity and inertia. When going through a curve, stay to the right side of your lane.

Never coast down a hill in neutral or in overdrive - your vehicle could speed up beyond your control. Coasting downhill is illegal in some states.

When traveling on rural roadways at higher speeds, remember you will need a longer stopping distance. Increase your following distance - make sure you have plenty of room to stop between you and any vehicle ahead.

Many head-on, passing crashes occur because drivers fail to see and accurately judge the speed and distance of approaching vehicles. When you see oncoming vehicles getting closer, it is too close for you to start the pass. Always be sure there is safe space to return.

Driving on multi-lane roadways and expressways can be an efficient and fast way to travel. Expressways are designed for safe driving at high speeds. Traffic travels in one direction in two or more lanes, and you can be passed on either side of your vehicle.

Expressways have fewer collisions than highways because they are well maintained and their overall design provides drivers with a good view of the road ahead.

Although they are convenient and allow drivers to get to their destination quickly, high rates of speed, congestion, and entering/exiting increase the risk of a crash. In 2009, more than 7,000 of the 30,797 fatal crashes occurred on multi-lane roadways and expressways with three or more lanes.

Expressway driving demands quick reaction time and the ability to search a great distance ahead because higher speeds require a longer visual lead. Use visual search techniques to scan at least 30 seconds down the road.

This module is about driving on expressways. Topics include:

• Expressway Characteristics
  
• Entering Expressways
  
• Position and Speed
  
• Maneuvering on Expressways
  
• Exiting Expressways
  
• Highway Hypnosis and Velocitation
  

An expressway is a limited-access, controlled-access highway. Vehicles are allowed to enter and leave an expressway only at designated locations. There are no intersections, traffic flows in one direction and cross-traffic is eliminated.

Expressways include freeways, interstates, and toll roads. Expressways have maximum and minimum speed limits, and pedestrians and bicyclists are prohibited from using them.

The curves on expressway entrance and exit ramps are banked or sloped to maximize safety at higher speeds.

Large directional signs are placed in locations that allow drivers plenty of time to maneuver if they need to get on or off the expressway. Usually, one mile prior to each exit, at least three signs are posted to help drivers prepare to exit. Watch for signs that indicate the distance to the exit and exit lane signs. There are also "exit" signs to inform drivers specifically where the exit is located.

Interchanges are designed to connect drivers to other highways going in another direction, through a carefully developed system of ramps and over/underpasses. Interchanges allow for fewer interruptions of the traffic flow but they can also be complex, confusing, and disorienting.

Types of interchanges include designs that are shaped like a cloverleaf, a diamond, and a trumpet.

A cloverleaf interchange is designed to eliminate conflicting traffic when you make a left turn or try to cross traffic.

A diamond interchange is used when a road with low traffic intersects an expressway. Left turns can be made with lower risk on the low traffic road, so in this case a full cloverleaf is not necessary or economical.

A trumpet interchange is used when a low traffic road ends at a "T" intersection of an expressway. The trumpet shape allows traffic to enter and leave the expressway without having to cross traffic.

Before entering an expressway, search for entrance signs in the direction you intend to travel. Directional signs are posted at most entrances and communicate the route number and direction (north, south, east, or west) where the entrance will lead you.

If you are unfamiliar with your route, be cautious not to enter an expressway using an exit ramp - prevent this critical mistake by searching for signs that say, "DO NOT ENTER."

Enter most entrance ramps at low speeds and anticipate sharp curves. Be extra cautious if you are driving a large vehicle, SUV, or truck.

Use the acceleration lane to adjust your speed to the traffic flow before merging onto the expressway. Select a gap, signal, check mirrors, and check blind spots. Be prepared to slow or accelerate quickly depending on the flow. Avoid very crowded and congested times of day.

Prevent an emergency situation by merging without stopping. If there is a slow vehicle ahead of you on the ramp, drop back and create space ahead of your vehicle to accelerate when it is your turn to enter the traffic flow.

Position your vehicle at least three seconds behind the vehicle you plan to follow. Merge smoothly. Turn off your signal. Adjust your speed to the traffic flow and recheck your rear-view mirror.

Be prepared to maneuver quickly when you encounter an exit and an entrance that share a common lane. Generally, the right-of-way is given to exiting traffic; however, traffic conditions may alter this approach. Avoid collisions by adjusting your speed to change lanes, signal, and adjust to openings or closures in traffic.

After you have entered the expressway, select the lane you want to drive in based on the traffic flow, road conditions, and how far you have to travel to your exit.

Right lanes are used to enter and exit expressways and are often moving slower than the left lane. Sometimes entrance and exit ramps are located in the left lanes.

If you are in heavy traffic at rush hour, use the center lane to avoid vehicles constantly entering and exiting in your path. Drivers who are already on the expressway and those entering both share responsibility to yield the right-of-way to avoid a collision.

Never travel in between lanes, or straddle lanes. Select a lane and position your vehicle in the middle of the lane. Try to maintain an equal space cushion around all sides of your vehicle by adjusting speed or repositioning your vehicle.

Drive in the center lanes through cities to avoid busy merging and exiting lanes. Watch the signs and do not get caught in a lane that is about to end or is designated as an "EXIT ONLY" lane for a route that you do not want to enter.

Watch for unexpected exit and entrance ramps to the left. These are dangerous because the fastest lanes are typically on the left.

You must not drive a vehicle on a highway at greater than reasonable speeds under current road conditions. Your speed must be restricted as necessary to avoid colliding with a person or vehicle anywhere near a highway.

A person may not drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed in excess of the following maximum limits:

• 70 or 75 mph, depending if the state determines that the 75 mph speed limit is safe for that area.
  
• Certain rural interstate highways in areas with low populations may have a speed limit of 85 mph.
  
• 60 mph on a un-numbered, non-urban highway
  
• 30 mph in an urban or residential district
  
• 15 mph in an alley
  

If traffic is traveling faster than the speed limit, resist going above the posted limit. The best approach is to be a "loner" and try to position your vehicle between packs of vehicles. If this is not possible, position your vehicle in the lane that allows you to travel as close to the speed limit as possible without blocking traffic.

Scan your mirrors for drivers speeding and weaving in and out of traffic. If you are traveling in a passing lane and are being tailgated, or if a driver flashes his or her high beams at you, signal to change lanes and change lanes as soon as it is safe to do so.

If you find yourself in a "pack" of vehicles traveling close together, drop back or move ahead by adjusting speed and space.

Keep a 3-4 second following distance. If the road is slippery or wet, increase the distance to 6-8 seconds.

Establish the interval by locating a large object such as a sign or overpass ahead. Watch the vehicle in front of you as it passes by or under the object. From that point, count the seconds it takes for your vehicle to pass the same object. When you are traveling the speed that it takes to count to four, you are traveling four seconds behind and have created a 4-second following distance. This is a safe gap to have between vehicles traveling the expressway - it provides time to react to an emergency under ideal conditions.

Increase your following distance to 4-5 seconds if you have limited visibility, intersecting traffic, or a stationary object in the road.

Avoid trucks and large vehicles' "no-zones." Recognize the blind spots of other vehicles and travel through them quickly to limit exposure time.

Signal your intentions before you change lanes. Do not anticipate other drivers will open a gap for you if one does not exist - check your mirrors and blind spot before maneuvering. Use low hand steering to avoid over steering.

Change lanes only when it is clear. Be courteous - if another driver drops back and creates space to let you in, communicate your "thanks" with a slight wave.

Extend courtesy to other drivers who are trying to enter your path - create space for them to enter by slowing down, speeding up, or changing lanes.

Passing on expressways is dangerous because of the high speed and potential for traffic conflicts. Typically, passing is conducted on the left. Passing on the right is permitted if slower traffic occupies the left lane.

Select a lane that allows others to pass you on the left. If you are being passed on the right, those drivers are hard for you to see and they are communicating that you are going too slowly for the lane you are in. Maneuver to the right as soon as it is safe.

When passing, search and identify vehicles that might conflict with your maneuver. Signal. Check your mirrors. When it is clear, enter the passing lane smoothly. As you maneuver, position your vehicle with adequate space between your vehicle and the one you are passing. If you are going to return to the original lane, wait until you can see the front end of the vehicle you passed in your rear-view mirror.

As you are being passed, position your vehicle so there is adequate space to the side you are being passed on. Keep your speed steady or slightly decelerate to assist the passer.

As you approach tollbooth areas be aware of drivers that make quick, last second decisions and change lanes quickly without warning. Watch for clues.

Well in advance of the tollbooth, look for signs that indicate which lane you need to be in. A green light indicates the open lanes. Select the appropriate payment option lane, signal, and position your vehicle in the proper lane. Be prepared to pay the toll (if applicable) well in advance, so you do not create traffic delays.

Before driving on an expressway, make it a point to know your route. Memorize the exit, interchange names, and numbers. Watch for directional signs. Recognize the location (how far away the exit is) and the lane you need to be in well in advance of having to exit.

As you approach the exit, signal, change lanes, and position your vehicle in the exit lane. Approximately 1/2 mile before you exit, signal your intention to exit.

Predict the actions of other drivers who are using the same exit. Decide the correct speed. Adjust your speed.

Check your mirrors, exit smoothly to the deceleration lane or into the exit ramp. Turn off your signal. Slow down and maintain a safe space cushion ahead and behind your vehicle.

If you encounter a very short deceleration lane, watch for warning signs and be prepared to slow quickly. If you drive a high-profile vehicle, slow in advance of entering a tight, exit curve. Search for conflicts; check traffic ahead and behind.

Staying focused on driving can sometimes be hard if there is little traffic or when driving long straight routes hour after hour. Watch out for a mental condition called "highway hypnosis" which is related to drowsy driving. Drivers can fall asleep or just enter a state of inattention easily.

If you notice fatigue setting in, sit up straight, change your seat position slightly, and then turn on the air conditioning. Stop at the next exit and take a stretch, walk around, or drink something refreshing.

Long monotonous drives might create a sensation that you perceive you are driving slower than you really are. Luxury vehicles are so comfortable the driver may not feel high-speed sensations. New vehicles are also quiet and sound levels of the traffic environment are often low or not present.

After long periods of high speed travel, the eyes become fatigued in the horizontal plane due to images streaming through the windshield. This condition is referred to as velocitation. You will notice it when entering slower traffic after long periods of expressway driving. A sudden drop in speed gives the illusion that you are traveling much slower than you actually are. When you experience velocitation, your eyes are fatigued and are unable to judge horizontal velocity accurately. Consequently, it may be difficult to judge safe following distances or the proximity of exits. The remedy is to stop for several minutes and allow the eyes to rest.

Watch for drivers tailgating without making an attempt to pass. This driver may be subconsciously staring at the rear of your vehicle rather than scanning the road ahead. In this situation you may essentially be steering both cars. Slow gradually to encourage the tailgater to pass.

Conduct a self-test to be sure you are not losing your concentration. Check yourself to be sure you are not staring aimlessly at the vehicle in front of you.

The key to safe expressway driving is:

• Guard against highway hypnosis.
  
• Search for and process information.
  
• Stay focused.
  
• Adjust for other drivers.
  

Expressway driving demands continuous searching skills, smooth maneuvers, speed adjustment, and positioning.

Signal your intention to merge as you enter the acceleration lane. Quickly evaluate the freeway traffic, look for a space to merge, and adjust your speed. Be prepared to slow or accelerate quickly depending on the flow. Prevent an emergency situation by merging without stopping. Position your vehicle with at least a 3-second following distance from the vehicle you plan to follow. Merge smoothly. Turn off your signal. Adjust your speed to the traffic flow.

When you enter the expressway, select the lane you want to drive based on traffic flow, road conditions, and how far away your exit is. Reserve your use of the center and left lanes for passing. If you are in heavy expressway traffic at rush hour, use the center lane to avoid vehicles constantly entering and exiting in your path.

Travel at the speed of the flow of traffic to avoid conflicts. Maintain a 3-4 second following distance. If the road is slippery or wet, increase the distance to 6-8 seconds. Increase your following distance if you have limited visibility. Avoid truck and large vehicle "no-zones."

As you are being passed, position your vehicle so there is adequate space to the side to be passed. Keep your speed steady and do not accelerate.

If you drive a high-profile vehicle, slow in advance of entering a tight curve on an entrance or exit ramp.

Watch out for a mental condition called "highway hypnosis" which is related to drowsy driving. If you notice fatigue setting in, sit up straight, change your seat position slightly, and then turn on the air conditioning. Stop at the next exit and take a stretch, walk around, or drink something refreshing.

Velocitation is caused by long periods of high speed travel. The eyes become fatigued in the horizontal plane due to images streaming through the windshield. Velocitation can be noticed when entering slower traffic after long periods of driving. A sudden drop in speed gives the illusion that you are traveling much slower than you actually are. When you experience velocitation, stop for several minutes and allow the eyes to rest.

Urban or city roadways have large populations, high traffic flow, many road controls, and a large amount of visual stimulation. With congestion and traffic jams, speeds tend to be lower, but there is quite a bit more sensory input that you have to pay attention to.

Since we get most of our driving information from what we see, the busy urban environment can induce visual overload.

In addition, all of the visual information requires more driving decisions.

This module is about the unique characteristics of the urban environment and how to manage your risk when you drive in the city. Topics include:

• Visual Issues
  
• Plan Your Drive
  
• Congestion
  
• One-way Streets
  
• Urban Pedestrian Issues
  

Urban driving often involves limited visibility. Limited visibility or line-of-sight often eliminates advance warning of traffic obstacles. High buildings, delivery trucks, and other large vehicles can restrict your field-of-view. Bicyclists and pedestrians are everywhere and can also block your line-of-sight.

Carefully scan for signals and signs. Signals are often located at the side of the road. Signs are posted everywhere, and they are not all traffic related.

If you want to pass in the city, never pass more than one vehicle at a time because often your field of vision is diminished.

In the city, there is a lot going on. It is an overcrowded environment filled with an abundance of vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, billboards, and other visual distractions. More visual information means more decisions. Do not drive impaired or fatigued. Be mentally alert and manage your distractions. Do not let the bustle of city life take your mind off the task of driving.

You should carefully plan your route every time you drive; however, this becomes even more important in the city. Keep the following tips in mind:

• Think about the time of day you are planning to travel and select a time frame that has the least amount of traffic.
  
• Carry a map with you and plan an alternative route in case you encounter construction or road closures.
  
• Be sure your vehicle is in proper working order and is filled with gas.
  
• Leave early because potential detours and heavy traffic can cause delay.
  
• Plan where you will park. Urban parking is more difficult to navigate to and locate. Also be sure you have money to pay for parking fees.
  
• If you will be traveling on toll roads, watch for signs and have money available within easy reach so you will not be distracted while navigating the toll area.
  
• Travel when the weather is good and you have plenty of daylight.
  
• Decide whether it is better to use through streets or travel on side streets. Side streets may help you avoid traffic, but they may not be as safe and they may increase your travel time because of traffic control lights.
  
• Consider whether it is better to use one-way or two-way streets on your route.
  

Perhaps the most irritating part of driving in the city is sharing the road with traffic. Plan for traffic jams and delays around rush hour, but also anticipate that congestion will occur for other, unexpected reasons. If you find yourself in heavy traffic demonstrate patience and courtesy. Becoming angry or aggressive will not get you to your destination any sooner.

In all this congestion, you must be prepared to stop or slow suddenly – cover the brake. Your foot will be in position for a sudden stop. Be careful not to actually rest your foot on the brake. This technique is beneficial in the following circumstances:

• When you are driving next to parked vehicles
  
• When you see the brake lights of other vehicles
  
• And when you approach signal lights
  

As a general rule when driving in the city, choose a lane that is not congested or at least less congested than the other lanes. Do not dart in and out of traffic as you make your way to this lane. That practice is a dangerous one. Instead, stay in the lane you have chosen until you need to turn, pass another vehicle, or avoid a hazard. Be sure to plan a lane change well enough in advance so you avoid blocking multiple lanes. Search well ahead and position your vehicle in the proper lane well ahead of a required turn.

The position of your vehicle is important. Remember to:

• Keep up with traffic speed but be sure to drive within legal limits
  
• Avoid another driver's blind spots
  
• Avoid letting another driver drive in your blind spot
  
• Avoid side-by-side driving
  
• Avoid driving in groups
  

If traffic is heavy and moving slowly, do not enter an intersection until you can travel through it without stopping. Never get caught in the middle of an intersection when the cross-traffic light turns green. If your vehicle blocks traffic, it could trigger road rage; avoid this situation at all costs. Also, when stopping at an intersection, leave space in front of your vehicle for an “out” if you need it.

Another unique feature of the city traffic environment is driving on one-way streets. Watch for signs identifying a street as one-way. For example, you may see signs that say ONE WAY, DO NOT ENTER, WRONG WAY, NO LEFT TURN, or NO RIGHT TURN. Other clues that indicate a street is a one-way street include the following:

Parking is allowed on only one side of the street

All vehicles are pointing in the same direction

Yellow lines are absent

Begin preparing to enter a one-way street at least one block before you reach it, and turn into the first available lane that is heading in the proper direction. Drive slowly since one-way streets may turn into two-way streets.

You may also encounter hazards, such as drivers who have gone the wrong way down the one-way street. If you discover that you or another driver are traveling the wrong way on a one-way street, slow, steer out of the way, and sound your horn. Flash your headlights if there is time. Do not panic!

Choose the lane with the fewest hazards. The middle lane is often the best choice. If there are only two lanes, drive in the right-hand lane or select the one that is farthest from any parked cars.

When exiting a one-way street, carefully check the signs to be sure you are turning onto the correct street. If you are making a right turn, use the right lane. If you are making a left turn, use the left lane. If you are going straight, use the center lane if it is available. Check signs to determine if you are turning onto another one-way street or onto a two-way street.

In the city, drivers need to make a continuous search for pedestrians because there is a high pedestrian population, they are usually in a hurry and they are hard to see.

There is a higher concentration of pedestrians in urban environments because buses and other transit systems such as trains and subways shuttle people into the city in large groups. In addition, the drivers that enter urban areas to go to work become pedestrians after parking and exiting their vehicle.

Pedestrians are often in a hurry and will dart and dash between parked cars. Several pedestrians may exit a commercial bus all at once. Your line-of-sight may be blocked so scan low for hidden pedestrians. Check for shadows under other vehicles.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) is doing several things to help pedestrians cross the road with lower risk. They are implementing count-down pedestrian signals to help pedestrians gauge the amount of time they have to cross before traffic enters their path. Also, mid-block crossings and pedestrian refuge areas are being installed. New, bolder crosswalk markings are being painted on the road so drivers will quickly and clearly recognize these areas.

As a driver, you are required to yield to pedestrians in a crosswalk. Watch the pedestrian signals so you are aware of the direction they are about to walk. Use the pedestrian signals to estimate when your signal is about to change.

Scan in all directions before entering an intersection to ensure there are no pedestrians in your path. Be extra cautious when you are turning. If your light is green, pedestrians may be walking in the cross-lane directly in your path – they have the right-of-way.

Urban or city roadways have large populations, high traffic flow, many road controls, and a large amount of visual stimulation. With congestion and traffic jams, speeds tend to be lower, but there is quite a bit more sensory input that you have to pay attention to.

Urban driving often involves limited vision. Limited vision often eliminates advance warning of traffic obstacles. High buildings, delivery trucks, and other large vehicles can restrict your field-of-view. Bicyclists and pedestrians are everywhere and can also block your line-of-sight.

If you find yourself in heavy traffic, demonstrate patience and courtesy. Becoming angry or aggressive will not get you to your destination any sooner.

In the city, be prepared to slow or stop suddenly – cover the brake. Your foot will be in position for a sudden stop.

As a general rule when driving in the city choose a lane that is not congested or at least less congested than the other lanes. Do not dart in and out of traffic.

Watch for signs identifying a street as one-way. Begin preparing to enter a one-way street at least one block before you reach it, and turn into the first available lane that is heading in the proper direction. Drive slowly since one-way streets may turn into two-way streets.

Your tires need to grip the road and you need to be able to see where you are going. These fundamental necessities for safe driving are affected when you are faced with poor traction and poor visibility conditions.

Anything on the roadway that makes it wet, slippery, or unstable will affect your tires' ability to hold on to the road. Low tire tread will also affect your tires' ability to channel moisture away and increases the risk of hydroplaning.

Anything that makes it hard to see through your windows or distorts what your mirrors are reflecting presents a poor visibility condition.

Inclement weather has the potential to cause low traction and/or low visibility. This module is about how to prepare for and manage adverse conditions while driving. Topics include:

• Preparing to Drive in Adverse Weather
  
• Reduced Traction
  
• Managing Visibility in Adverse Weather
  
• Hydroplaning
  
• What to Do if Your Vehicle is Stuck
  

Before the rainy season begins, prepare your vehicle for wet weather driving. Carry an umbrella and keep your windshield, windows, and headlights clean.

Service your vehicle. Ensure the following systems are in good operating condition:

• Tire inflation, tread depth
  
• Windshield wipers, fluid, and blades
  
• Battery
  
• Lights
  
• Brakes
  
• Ignition
  

Prepare yourself for driving in wet weather by allowing ample travel time, and be mentally alert for common driver mishaps caused by weather. Eliminate as many distractions as you can inside the vehicle - what is happening outside the vehicle will be more challenging and require your undivided attention.

In many parts of the country the winter months are harsh and very rough on your vehicle. If you have to drive in ice and snow, conduct the following maintenance checks before the winter months arrive:

• Change the engine oil to an oil with a viscosity designed for cold temperatures.
  
• Check the battery; clean the terminals and make sure it is operating at maximum strength.
  
• Check the hoses for cracks.
  
• Replace tires with "all-season" or "snow" tires - check inflation regularly.
  
• Test the heating and air-conditioning system.
  
• Check coolant/antifreeze to determine the lowest temperature that it will go to without freezing.
  
• Install winter wiper blades and fill the windshield wiper fluid reservoir with a washer solution containing an antifreeze additive.
  
• Check and adjust the brakes.
  
• Check the exhaust system for leaks, holes, and rust.
  
• Purchase and practice installing the tire chains.
  
• Carry booster (jumper) cables, flares, emergency warning triangles (or other warning device), a small tool kit, first aid kit, and a flashlight with spare batteries.
  
• Keep your fuel tank at least 1/2 full.
  

If you are traveling in a remote area, carry a blanket or sleeping bag, non-perishable food, candles, matches, warm clothes, and gloves. You should be dressed for the elements but if you are not and just in case you get stuck, carry boots and warm outerwear. In addition, throughout the winter, make sure you have a few other things just in case you need to clear off your windows or in case you get stuck:

• Snow brush, combination ice scraper
  
• A bag of sand or kitty litter
  
• Lock de-icer fluid (be sure to not store this in your trunk - carry it with you)
  
• Snow shovel
  

If you can, park inside a garage. Always have at least half a tank of gas to keep moisture from forming in your gas line and freezing.

Driving on slippery surfaces requires increased visual range. Focus your attention far ahead on the roadway to ensure you can gauge the distance between you and the obstacles ahead; ensure that you have ample time to start, turn, slow, and stop.

When rain first starts falling, the water mixes with dust, dirt, sand, and oil on the road surface, creating an extremely slippery substance. The first 20 minutes of a rain shower is the most dangerous time to be driving. As the rain continues to fall, this slippery mixture is washed away; however, the road is still wet and it continues to present a low traction driving environment.

• On wet roads reduce your speed by 5-10 mph
  
• If there are wet leaves on the road, reduce your speed by half
  

When traction is poor, accelerate gradually. Steer with smooth, precise movements. Try to do one thing at a time - increase your following distance and avoid puddles and flooded areas of the road. Position your tires to follow dry tracks created by other vehicles in your path ahead.

Be conscious of spray from your vehicle and other vehicles. Be considerate and go very slowly if you encounter pedestrians.

Make sure you know what the weather and road conditions are before departing.

If it is raining and the temperature is supposed to drop below freezing, then the moisture will begin to freeze as the temperature drops below 32 degrees. Ice might not be easily seen but it will still create a slick, low traction surface on the roadway. If it occurs on an asphalt road the condition is known as "Black Ice" and is a true hazard. Shaded areas, over passes, and bridges are locations that can conceal spots of ice. These areas freeze first and dry out last.

Some of the most dangerous conditions occur when temperatures are hovering around freezing, when snow begins to turn to watery slush. The combination of snow and water can be extremely slippery.

If you are forced to drive in windy conditions, and it is snowing, be cautious of snow drifts which make it difficult to pass and see.

If the snow is melting just before the sun goes down, it is likely the temperature will drop at night, turning melted snow into ice.

There are some basic tips for driving on ice and snow that will make the experience safer. Different types of snow have different degrees of traction:

• Fresh, dry (powder) snow has more traction than packed, tight snow. However, be cautious of slick ice that may be hiding under the powder surface.
  
• When you park, create an escape path for your tires in the snow. Drive past the space you want to park in, and back up. This creates a path with less resistance when you exit the parking space.
  

Adjust your speed in icy conditions:

• If you encounter packed snow, reduce your speed by half.
  
• If you are traveling on ice, reduce your speed to 10-15 mph.
  

During the winter, add a few steps to your pre-drive procedures:

• As you approach your vehicle, check around the tires for frozen chunks of snow or ice.
  
• Clean the tires and wheel well and knock off accumulated snow or ice.
  
• Start the engine and let it warm up - turn on the defroster.
  
• Clean snow off the windows, hood, and top of the vehicle.
  
• If there is ice on the windows, scrape it off all windows; do not just clear the windshield (you need to be able to see in all directions).
  

Rain, snow, and fog impair visibility and make it difficult to see the road and obstacles. If there is a significant temperature difference between the outside and inside of your vehicle, moisture will accumulate on the inside of your windshield and on your windows-making it more difficult for you to see.

Always clean your windows and windshield, inside and out before you drive in any reduced visibility situation

[Godsmack 360]

Spam in the spam thread? Well I never

There is spam and then there is shit to kill yourself to. Certain people should take note.

J

[Julian 641]

So guys, my gf just offered to buy me a 400$ Craftsman tool set, I think im going to marry this woman!

[Penguin4x4 1,761]

Hey if I have to suffer through this bullshit everyone does

Nope. You're not burying a dog, or nursing your wounds over something that happened. You are sharing quite simple pointless shit with us.

J

Technically I am nursing my wound...$109 ticket for doing 5 over on a deserted highway at 1AM.

[Godsmack 360]

Hey if I have to suffer through this bullshit everyone does

Nope. You're not burying a dog, or nursing your wounds over something that happened. You are sharing quite simple pointless shit with us.

J

Technically I am nursing my wound...$109 ticket for doing 5 over on a deserted highway at 1AM.

Are you fuckin serious? 109 bones and this bullshit course? Or is the course instead of 109 dollars?

J

[ricksi30 923]

That shit is annoying to scroll through. I post some dumb stuff in here and will continue doing so, but that is crazy.

[Adrian_D 520]

Spam in the spam thread? Well I never

I read every line !

[ricksi30 923]

SSA is dead tonight! Anyone online?